ATC-AQ | ATC | Total | Odds Ratio *(95% CI) | P value * | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
(N = 3,496) | (N = 3,561) | (N = 7,057) | |||
Sex | |||||
Female | 1,215 (34.8) | 1,144 (32.1) | 2,359 (33.4) | 1.0 (reference) | |
Male | 2,281 (65.2) | 2,417 (67.9) | 4,698 (66.6) | 0.889 (0.805–0.981) | 0.0202 |
Age group (years) | |||||
0–3 | 1,154 (33.0) | 681 (19.1) | 1,835 (26.0) | 1.0 (reference) | |
4–8 | 604 (17.3) | 426 (12.0) | 1,030 (14.6) | 0.837 (0.716–0.978) | 0.0279 |
9–13 | 618 (17.7) | 539 (15.1) | 1,157 (16.4) | 0.677 (0.583–0.786) | <.0001 |
14–17 | 1,120 (32.0) | 1,915 (53.8) | 3,035 (43.0) | 0.345 (0.306–0.389) | <.0001 |
Race/Ethnicity | |||||
White | 1,895 (54.2) | 2,027 (56.9) | 3,922 (55.6) | 1.0 (reference) | |
Black | 606 (17.3) | 500 (14.0) | 1,106 (15.7) | 1.296 (1.134–1.482) | 0.0002 |
Hispanic | 622 (17.8) | 648 (18.2) | 1,270 (18.0) | 1.027 (0.905–1.165) | 0.6983 |
Other | 259 (7.4) | 251 (7.0) | 510 (7.2) | 1.104 (0.918–1.327) | 0.3005 |
Unknown | 114 (3.3) | 135 (3.8) | 249 (3.5) | 0.903 (0.699–1.168) | 0.4720 |
Insurance | |||||
Commercial and other | 1,709 (48.9) | 1,941 (54.5) | 3,650 (51.7) | 1.0 (reference) | |
Self Pay | 233 (6.7) | 314 (8.8) | 547 (7.8) | 0.843 (0.703–1.011) | 0.0660 |
Medicaid | 1,047 (29.9) | 925 (26.0) | 1,972 (27.9) | 1.286 (1.152–1.435) | <.0001 |
Unknown | 507 (14.5) | 381 (10.7) | 888 (12.6) | 1.511 (1.304–1.752) | <.0001 |
Trauma center level | |||||
Level I | 2,482 (71.0) | 2,228 (62.6) | 4,710 (66.7) | 1.0 (reference) | |
Level II | 1,014 (29.0) | 1,333 (37.4) | 2,347 (33.3) | 0.683 (0.618–0.754) | <.0001 |
ED GCS | |||||
3–4 | 670 (19.2) | 714 (20.1) | 1,384 (19.6) | 0.913 (0.81–1.028) | 0.1361 |
5–6 | 94 (2.7) | 135 (3.8) | 229 (3.2) | 0.677 (0.518–0.887) | 0.0045 |
7–8 | 111 (3.2) | 156 (4.4) | 267 (3.8) | 0.692 (0.539–0.889) | 0.0038 |
>8 | 2,499 (71.5) | 2,431 (68.3) | 4,930 (69.9) | 1.0 (reference) | |
Unknown | 122 (3.5) | 125 (3.5) | 247 (3.5) | 0.949 (0.735–1.226) | 0.6962 |
Head AIS | |||||
3 | 1,125 (32.2) | 1,162 (32.6) | 2,287 (32.4) | 1.0 (reference) | |
4 | 2,021 (57.8) | 1,873 (52.6) | 3,894 (55.2) | 1.115 (1.005–1.236) | 0.0399 |
5 | 345 (9.9) | 515 (14.5) | 860 (12.2) | 0.692 (0.590–0.811) | <.0001 |
6 | 5 (0.1) | 11 (0.3) | 16 (0.2) | 0.469 (0.163–1.356) | 0.2098 |
ISS Score | |||||
ISS < 15 | 847 (24.2) | 875 (24.6) | 1,722 (24.4) | 1.0 (reference) | |
ISS > 15 | 2,329 (66.6) | 2,378 (66.8) | 4,707 (66.7) | 1.012 (0.906–1.130) | 0.8437 |
Unknown | 320 (9.2) | 308 (8.6) | 628 (8.9) | 1.073 (0.894–1.289) | 0.4560 |
Mechanism of injury | |||||
Falls | 1,028 (29.4) | 858 (24.1) | 1,886 (26.7) | 1.0 (reference) | |
Firearms | 108 (3.1) | 185 (5.2) | 293 (4.2) | 0.487 (0.378–0.628) | <.0001 |
Motor vehicles | 1,303 (37.3) | 1,433 (40.2) | 2,736 (38.8) | 0.759 (0.675–0.854) | <.0001 |
Struck by/against | 328 (9.4) | 407 (11.4) | 735 (10.4) | 0.673 (0.567–0.798) | <.0001 |
Other | 728 (20.8) | 678 (19.0) | 1,406 (19.9) | 0.896 (0.780–1.029) | 0.1289 |
Unknown | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | ||
TBI type | |||||
SAH, SDH, EDH | 811 (23.2) | 788 (22.1) | 1,599 (22.7) | 1.171 (1.036–1.325) | 0.0121 |
Intracranial Hemm (other and unspecified) | 107 (3.1) | 122 (3.4) | 229 (3.2) | 0.998 (0.762–1.308) | 1.0000 |
Cerebral Laceration and Contusion | 246 (7.0) | 260 (7.3) | 506 (7.2) | 1.077 (0.891–1.302) | 0.4680 |
Other Intracranial Injury | 169 (4.8) | 118 (3.3) | 287 (4.1) | 1.630 (1.274–2.086) | 0.0001 |
No Mention of Intracranial Injury | 853 (24.4) | 782 (22.0) | 1,635 (23.2) | 1.242 (1.099–1.403) | 0.0005 |
Other | 1,310 (37.5) | 1,491 (41.9) | 2,801 (39.7) | 1.0 (reference) | |
Presence of severe TBI polytrauma † | |||||
TBI only | 1,265 (36.2) | 1,140 (32.0) | 2,405 (34.1) | 1.0 (reference) | |
TBI + non–Severe Injury | 1,500 (42.9) | 1,580 (44.4) | 3,080 (43.6) | 0.856 (0.769–0.952) | 0.0043 |
TBI + Severe Injury | 731 (20.9) | 841 (23.6) | 1,572 (22.3) | 0.783 (0.690–0.890) | 0.0002 |
Hospital complications ‡ | |||||
No | 1,716 (49.1) | 1,448 (40.7) | 3,164 (44.8) | 1.0 (reference) | |
Yes | 333 (9.5) | 423 (11.9) | 756 (10.7) | 0.664 (0.566–0.779) | <.0001 |
Unknown | 1,447 (41.4) | 1,690 (47.5) | 3,137 (44.5) | 0.722 (0.654–0.798) | <.0001 |
Discharge disposition § | |||||
Home (without extra care) | 2,621 (82.0) | 2,382 (74.6) | 5,003 (78.3) | 1.0 (reference) | |
Rehabilitation/other care facility¶ | 512 (16.0) | 674 (21.1) | 1,186 (18.6) | 0.690 (0.608–0.784) | <.0001 |
Other/unknown | 64 (2.0) | 139 (4.4) | 203 (3.2) | 0.418 (0.310–0.566) | <.0001 |
ICU Days (Mean ± SE) | 4.84 (0.16) | 5.01 (0.17) | 4.93 (0.12) | 0.4684** | |
Length of stay (days) (Mean ± SE) | 6.17 (0.16) | 6.09 (0.17) | 6.13 (0.12) | 0.7369** | |
Alive (Mean ± SE) | 6.40 (0.17) | 6.44 (0.19) | 6.42 (0.13) | 0.8665** | |
Died (Mean ± SE) | 3.73 (0.4) | 3.04 (0.27) | 3.35 (0.23) | 0.1574** | |
Ventilator days (Mean ± SE) | 6.09 (0.29) | 5.57 (0.26) | 5.81 (0.19) | 0.1728** | |
Mortality | 299 (8.6) | 366 (10.3) | 665 (9.4) | 0.816 (0.695–0.959) | 0.0144 |