Sex
| | | | | |
Female
|
1,215 (34.8)
|
1,144 (32.1)
|
2,359 (33.4)
|
1.0 (reference)
| |
Male
|
2,281 (65.2)
|
2,417 (67.9)
|
4,698 (66.6)
|
0.889 (0.805–0.981)
|
0.0202
|
Age group (years)
| | | | | |
0–3
|
1,154 (33.0)
|
681 (19.1)
|
1,835 (26.0)
|
1.0 (reference)
| |
4–8
|
604 (17.3)
|
426 (12.0)
|
1,030 (14.6)
|
0.837 (0.716–0.978)
|
0.0279
|
9–13
|
618 (17.7)
|
539 (15.1)
|
1,157 (16.4)
|
0.677 (0.583–0.786)
|
<.0001
|
14–17
|
1,120 (32.0)
|
1,915 (53.8)
|
3,035 (43.0)
|
0.345 (0.306–0.389)
|
<.0001
|
Race/Ethnicity
| | | | | |
White
|
1,895 (54.2)
|
2,027 (56.9)
|
3,922 (55.6)
|
1.0 (reference)
| |
Black
|
606 (17.3)
|
500 (14.0)
|
1,106 (15.7)
|
1.296 (1.134–1.482)
|
0.0002
|
Hispanic
|
622 (17.8)
|
648 (18.2)
|
1,270 (18.0)
|
1.027 (0.905–1.165)
|
0.6983
|
Other
|
259 (7.4)
|
251 (7.0)
|
510 (7.2)
|
1.104 (0.918–1.327)
|
0.3005
|
Unknown
|
114 (3.3)
|
135 (3.8)
|
249 (3.5)
|
0.903 (0.699–1.168)
|
0.4720
|
Insurance
| | | | | |
Commercial and other
|
1,709 (48.9)
|
1,941 (54.5)
|
3,650 (51.7)
|
1.0 (reference)
| |
Self Pay
|
233 (6.7)
|
314 (8.8)
|
547 (7.8)
|
0.843 (0.703–1.011)
|
0.0660
|
Medicaid
|
1,047 (29.9)
|
925 (26.0)
|
1,972 (27.9)
|
1.286 (1.152–1.435)
|
<.0001
|
Unknown
|
507 (14.5)
|
381 (10.7)
|
888 (12.6)
|
1.511 (1.304–1.752)
|
<.0001
|
Trauma center level
| | | | | |
Level I
|
2,482 (71.0)
|
2,228 (62.6)
|
4,710 (66.7)
|
1.0 (reference)
| |
Level II
|
1,014 (29.0)
|
1,333 (37.4)
|
2,347 (33.3)
|
0.683 (0.618–0.754)
|
<.0001
|
ED GCS
| | | | | |
3–4
|
670 (19.2)
|
714 (20.1)
|
1,384 (19.6)
|
0.913 (0.81–1.028)
|
0.1361
|
5–6
|
94 (2.7)
|
135 (3.8)
|
229 (3.2)
|
0.677 (0.518–0.887)
|
0.0045
|
7–8
|
111 (3.2)
|
156 (4.4)
|
267 (3.8)
|
0.692 (0.539–0.889)
|
0.0038
|
>8
|
2,499 (71.5)
|
2,431 (68.3)
|
4,930 (69.9)
|
1.0 (reference)
| |
Unknown
|
122 (3.5)
|
125 (3.5)
|
247 (3.5)
|
0.949 (0.735–1.226)
|
0.6962
|
Head AIS
| | | | | |
3
|
1,125 (32.2)
|
1,162 (32.6)
|
2,287 (32.4)
|
1.0 (reference)
| |
4
|
2,021 (57.8)
|
1,873 (52.6)
|
3,894 (55.2)
|
1.115 (1.005–1.236)
|
0.0399
|
5
|
345 (9.9)
|
515 (14.5)
|
860 (12.2)
|
0.692 (0.590–0.811)
|
<.0001
|
6
|
5 (0.1)
|
11 (0.3)
|
16 (0.2)
|
0.469 (0.163–1.356)
|
0.2098
|
ISS Score
| | | | | |
ISS < 15
|
847 (24.2)
|
875 (24.6)
|
1,722 (24.4)
|
1.0 (reference)
| |
ISS > 15
|
2,329 (66.6)
|
2,378 (66.8)
|
4,707 (66.7)
|
1.012 (0.906–1.130)
|
0.8437
|
Unknown
|
320 (9.2)
|
308 (8.6)
|
628 (8.9)
|
1.073 (0.894–1.289)
|
0.4560
|
Mechanism of injury
| | | | | |
Falls
|
1,028 (29.4)
|
858 (24.1)
|
1,886 (26.7)
|
1.0 (reference)
| |
Firearms
|
108 (3.1)
|
185 (5.2)
|
293 (4.2)
|
0.487 (0.378–0.628)
|
<.0001
|
Motor vehicles
|
1,303 (37.3)
|
1,433 (40.2)
|
2,736 (38.8)
|
0.759 (0.675–0.854)
|
<.0001
|
Struck by/against
|
328 (9.4)
|
407 (11.4)
|
735 (10.4)
|
0.673 (0.567–0.798)
|
<.0001
|
Other
|
728 (20.8)
|
678 (19.0)
|
1,406 (19.9)
|
0.896 (0.780–1.029)
|
0.1289
|
Unknown
|
1 (0.0)
|
0 (0.0)
|
1 (0.0)
| | |
TBI type
| | | | | |
SAH, SDH, EDH
|
811 (23.2)
|
788 (22.1)
|
1,599 (22.7)
|
1.171 (1.036–1.325)
|
0.0121
|
Intracranial Hemm (other and unspecified)
|
107 (3.1)
|
122 (3.4)
|
229 (3.2)
|
0.998 (0.762–1.308)
|
1.0000
|
Cerebral Laceration and Contusion
|
246 (7.0)
|
260 (7.3)
|
506 (7.2)
|
1.077 (0.891–1.302)
|
0.4680
|
Other Intracranial Injury
|
169 (4.8)
|
118 (3.3)
|
287 (4.1)
|
1.630 (1.274–2.086)
|
0.0001
|
No Mention of Intracranial Injury
|
853 (24.4)
|
782 (22.0)
|
1,635 (23.2)
|
1.242 (1.099–1.403)
|
0.0005
|
Other
|
1,310 (37.5)
|
1,491 (41.9)
|
2,801 (39.7)
|
1.0 (reference)
| |
Presence of severe TBI polytrauma
†
| | | | | |
TBI only
|
1,265 (36.2)
|
1,140 (32.0)
|
2,405 (34.1)
|
1.0 (reference)
| |
TBI + non–Severe Injury
|
1,500 (42.9)
|
1,580 (44.4)
|
3,080 (43.6)
|
0.856 (0.769–0.952)
|
0.0043
|
TBI + Severe Injury
|
731 (20.9)
|
841 (23.6)
|
1,572 (22.3)
|
0.783 (0.690–0.890)
|
0.0002
|
Hospital complications
‡
| | | | | |
No
|
1,716 (49.1)
|
1,448 (40.7)
|
3,164 (44.8)
|
1.0 (reference)
| |
Yes
|
333 (9.5)
|
423 (11.9)
|
756 (10.7)
|
0.664 (0.566–0.779)
|
<.0001
|
Unknown
|
1,447 (41.4)
|
1,690 (47.5)
|
3,137 (44.5)
|
0.722 (0.654–0.798)
|
<.0001
|
Discharge disposition
§
| | | | | |
Home (without extra care)
|
2,621 (82.0)
|
2,382 (74.6)
|
5,003 (78.3)
|
1.0 (reference)
| |
Rehabilitation/other care facility¶
|
512 (16.0)
|
674 (21.1)
|
1,186 (18.6)
|
0.690 (0.608–0.784)
|
<.0001
|
Other/unknown
|
64 (2.0)
|
139 (4.4)
|
203 (3.2)
|
0.418 (0.310–0.566)
|
<.0001
|
ICU Days (Mean ± SE)
|
4.84 (0.16)
|
5.01 (0.17)
|
4.93 (0.12)
| |
0.4684**
|
Length of stay (days) (Mean ± SE)
|
6.17 (0.16)
|
6.09 (0.17)
|
6.13 (0.12)
| |
0.7369**
|
Alive (Mean ± SE)
|
6.40 (0.17)
|
6.44 (0.19)
|
6.42 (0.13)
| |
0.8665**
|
Died (Mean ± SE)
|
3.73 (0.4)
|
3.04 (0.27)
|
3.35 (0.23)
| |
0.1574**
|
Ventilator days (Mean ± SE)
|
6.09 (0.29)
|
5.57 (0.26)
|
5.81 (0.19)
| |
0.1728**
|
Mortality
|
299 (8.6)
|
366 (10.3)
|
665 (9.4)
|
0.816 (0.695–0.959)
|
0.0144
|