Table 1 Number of states, number of state-quarters, number of drug overdose deaths, annualized death rate per 100,000 population, and adjusted risk ratio of drug overdose mortality by prescription drug monitoring program implementation status and characteristics, United States, 1999–2008
From: Prescription drug monitoring and drug overdose mortality
PDMP Status/Characteristic | No. of states | No. of state- quarters | No. of drug overdose deaths | Death rate (95% CI) | Adjusted risk ratio a(95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without PDMP (Ref) | 20 | 1421 | 151051 | 8.26 (8.21–8.30) | 1.00 |
With PDMP | 31 | 619 | 103456 | 9.51 (9.45–9.57) | 1.11 (1.02–1.21) |
PDMP governing agency | |||||
Department of Health | 7 | 163 | 34467 | 8.22 (8.13–8.30) | 1.09 (0.92–1.27) |
Board of Pharmacy | 17 | 315 | 32198 | 12.10 (11.97–12.24) | 1.14 (1.00–1.30) |
Other | 7 | 141 | 36791 | 9.14 (9.05–9.23) | 1.05 (0.91–1.22) |
Statutory requirements for committee oversight | |||||
Yes | 12 | 152 | 30366 | 9.97 (9.86–10.08) | 1.07 (0.95–1.22) |
No | 19 | 467 | 73090 | 9.33 (9.26–9.40) | 1.13 (1.02–1.26) |
Explicit laws that impose no expectation on practitioners | |||||
Yes | 11 | 176 | 23403 | 10.50 (10.36–10.63) | 1.17 (1.02–1.34) |
No | 20 | 443 | 80053 | 9.25 (9.19–9.32) | 1.08 (0.96–1.20) |
Statutory authority to monitor non-controlled substances | |||||
Yes | 8 | 89 | 6840 | 11.35 (11.09–11.63) | 1.01 (0.79–1.29) |
No | 23 | 530 | 96616 | 9.40 (9.34–9.46) | 1.13 (1.02–1.24) |