Table 2 Unadjusted and adjusted risk ratio and 95% confidence interval of drug overdose mortality according to prescription drug monitoring program implementation status and other variables, United States, 1999–2008
From: Prescription drug monitoring and drug overdose mortality
Variable | Unadjusted risk ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted risk ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
PDMP implemented | ||
No (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.17 (1.07–1.27) | 1.11 (1.02–1.21) |
Year | ||
1999 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
2000 | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) | 1.08 (1.02–1.15) |
2001 | 1.17 (1.04–1.32) | 1.13 (1.02–1.24) |
2002 | 1.38 (1.23–1.55) | 1.25 (1.02–1.38) |
2003 | 1.57 (1.38–1.79) | 1.38 (1.24–1.55) |
2004 | 1.70 (1.50–1.93) | 1.54 (1.39–1.70) |
2005 | 1.84 (1.62–2.08) | 1.67 (1.50–1.86) |
2006 | 1.99 (1.72–2.30) | 1.87 (1.66–2.10) |
2007 | 2.06 (1.81–2.34) | 1.81 (1.60–2.04) |
2008 | 2.20 (1.93–2.50) | 1.71 (1.51–1.92) |
Region | ||
East (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Midwest | 0.70 (0.55–0.89) | 0.77 (0.59–1.01) |
South | 1.07 (0.89–1.27) | 1.07 (0.89–1.29) |
West | 1.22 (0.99–1.51) | 1.20 (0.98–1.46) |
Death investigation system typea | ||
Coroner (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Coroner/Medical examiner | 1.13 (0.75–1.71) | 1.05 (0.77–1.42) |
Medical examiner | 1.38 (0.91–2.10) | 1.28 (0.93–1.77) |
Unemployment rate | ||
<6% (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
≥6% | 1.05 (0.99–1.23) | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) |
Suicides and homicides involving drugs and poisoning from substances other than drugs | 1.19 (1.13–1.26) | 1.16 (1.10–1.23) |