Table 4 Distributions and mean values of mental health outcomes, by self-reported total concussion history
From: Association between concussion and mental health in former collegiate athletes
| Mental health outcome | Number of total concussions a | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 (n = 485) | 1 (n = 145) | 2 (n = 68) | 3+ (n = 94) | ||
| Depression (PHQ-9)b | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 2.5 (3.0) | 2.9 (3.6) | 4.5 (4.6) | 4.5 (5.0) | 3.0 (3.7) |
| Categories, n (%) | |||||
| Minimal (0–4) | 370 (79.9) | 114 (80.3) | 39 (58.2) | 57 (63.3) | 580 (76.1) |
| Mild (5–9) | 80 (17.3) | 20 (14.1) | 21 (31.3) | 25 (27.8) | 146 (19.2) |
| Moderate (10–14) | 9 (2.0) | 5 (3.5) | 4 (6.0) | 4 (4.4) | 22 (2.9) |
| Moderately Severe (15–19) | 3 (0.7) | 3 (2.0) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.1) | 8 (1.0) |
| Severe (20–27) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.0) | 3 (3.3) | 6 (0.8) |
| % ≥10c | 2.8% | 5.6% | 10.4% | 8.9% | 4.7% |
| . | |||||
| Impulsivity (BIS15) | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 25.1 (5.2) | 27.0 (6.4) | 28.4 (7.0) | 27.7 (7.4) | 26.0 (6.0) |
| Subscale Mean (SD) | |||||
| Attentional | 8.5 (2.4) | 9.4 (2.7) | 10.3 (3.0) | 9.9 (3.3) | 9.0 (2.7) |
| Motor | 8.1 (2.1) | 8.7 (2.5) | 9.0 (2.6) | 8.6 (2.5) | 8.4 (2.3) |
| Non-planning | 8.4 (2.6) | 9.0 (2.8) | 9.1 (2.8) | 9.2 (3.2) | 8.7 (2.7) |
| . | |||||
| Aggression (BPAQ-SF) | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 18.0 (6.3) | 18.8 (7.8) | 20.6 (7.7) | 22.4 (10.0) | 18.9 (7.4) |
| Subscale Mean (SD) | |||||
| Physical aggression | 3.5 (1.3) | 3.8 (1.9) | 3.9 (1.7) | 4.5 (2.7) | 3.7 (1.7) |
| Verbal aggression | 5.3 (2.4) | 5.4 (2.5) | 6.2 (2.7) | 6.6 (3.1) | 5.5 (2.6) |
| Anger | 4.7 (2.2) | 5.1 (2.7) | 5.5 (2.5) | 5.7 (2.9) | 5.0 (2.5) |
| Hostility | 4.5 (2.2) | 4.6 (2.5) | 5.0 (2.7) | 5.6 (3.3) | 4.7 (2.5) |