Development of an algorithm to identify fall-related injuries and costs in Medicare data

Table 2 Episodes of care by body sites, injury, and types of healthcare services

	No. of	Proportion with…			Ray et al.
Body sites and causes of injury ^a	Episode	Inp. / SNF	ED	Out.	ED & Out. ^b
Hip fracture	206	98 %	2 %	0 %	5 %
Other Fracture : Pelvis	53	85 %	15 %	0 %	14 %
Other Fracture : Rib	61	57 %	41 %	2 %	48 %^c
Other Fracture : Clavicle	64	16 %	55 %	30 %	62 %^d
Other Fracture : Humerus	91	51 %	44 %	5 %	55 %
Other Fracture : Radius & ulna	104	30 %	61 %	10 %	72 %
Other Fracture : Navicular (scaphoid)	34	41 %	53 %	6 %
Other Fracture : Hand	44	18 %	80 %	2 %	86 %
Other Fracture : Femur, tibia, fibula	93	88 %	11 %	1 %	15 %^e
Other Fracture : Patella	11	73 %	27 %	0 %	43 %
Other Fracture : Ankle	32	47 %	44 %	9 %	55 %
Head Injury : Head fracture	49	35 %	49 %	16 %	55 %
Head Injury : Head trauma	68	87 %	12 %	1 %
Joint Dislocation : Shoulder	18	50 %	44 %	6 %
Joint Dislocation : Elbow	0
Joint Dislocation : Wrist	4	50 %	50 %	0 %
Joint Dislocation : Knee	27	15 %	44 %	41 %
E Codes : Stairs or steps	20	25 %	70 %	5 %
E Codes : Ladders or scaffolding	1	0 %	100 %	0 %
E Codes : Building or structure	0
E Codes : Hole	0
E Codes : One level to another	73	37 %	62 %	1 %
E Codes : Same level - tripping	211	39 %	56 %	4 %
E Codes : Same level - pushed	3	67 %	33 %	0 %
E Codes : Other and unspecified	589	42 %	53 %	6 %
All	1162	43 %	49 %	8 %	37 %

^a Body sites and causes of injury are based on ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes and external cause of injury codes, respectively (see Additional file 1: Appendix C)
^b Values in this column are cited from Table 3 in Ray et al.(Ray et al. 1992) which did not distinguish outpatient fractures by whether they involved ED visits or not. These proportions were based on a total of 2,398 probable fractures
^c Ray et al. refers to rib/sternum
^d Ray et al. refers to clavicle/scapula
^e Ray et al. identifies 15 % of femoral shaft fractures and 43 % of tibia/fibula fractures from outpatient claims