Table 2 Adjusted increases in helmet use and disparities from before-to-after helmet law implementation
Dallas | San Diego | Miami Dade & Broward Counties | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mandate & Penalty | Mandate Only | Mandate & Penalty | Mandate & Penalty | |||||
Δ% (CI) | p | Δ% (CI) | p | Δ% (CI) | p | Δ% (CI) | p | |
Before-to-After Increase in Helmet Use | ||||||||
White, Non-Latino | 20.1 (11.7, 28.5) | <0.001 | 18.3 (11.9, 24.8) | <0.001 | 24.4 (18.5, 30.3) | <0.001 | 10.2 (4.8, 15.7) | <0.001 |
African American, Non-Latino | 8.2 (4.7, 11.7) | <0.001 | 0.3 (−5.8, 6.5) | 0.915 | 6.3 (−0.5, 13.0) | 0.070 | 6.1 (3.2, 9.0) | <0.001 |
Latino | 6.2 (2.3, 10.0) | 0.002 | 4.0 (−2.0, 9.9) | 0.188 | 3.1 (−2.1, 8.3) | 0.242 | 4.3 (0.8, 7.9) | 0.016 |
Asian | --- | --- | 11.9 (3.8, 20.0) | 0.004 | 12.8 (5.0, 20.5) | 0.001 | --- | --- |
Increase in Disparity | ||||||||
White, Non-Latino | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
African American, Non-Latino | 11.9 (2.3, 21.4) | 0.015 | 18.0 (8.8, 27.3) | <0.001 | 18.1 (9.3, 27.0) | <0.001 | 4.2 (−1.8, 10.1 | 0.169 |
Latino | 14.0 (4.7, 23.2) | 0.003 | 14.4 (5.8, 22.9) | 0.001 | 21.3 (13.0, 29.6) | <0.001 | 5.9 (0.1, 11.7) | 0.045 |
Asian | --- | --- | 6.4 (3.9, 16.7) | 0.221 | 11.6 (2.5, 20.8) | 0.013 | --- | --- |