Table 1 Characteristics of driving studies using the SPPB, the TUG, or the RPW as a measure of physical functioning
From: Select physical performance measures and driving outcomes in older adults
First author, Year | Study participants | Data source | Study design | Location | Study time period | Type of driving outcome | Source of driving outcome information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SPPB | |||||||
 Davis, 2011 | 214 participants aged 70 years and older | Project OPAL (Older People and Active Living) | Cohort study | Bristol, UK | 2007–2008 | Driving exposure (number of car trips as a driver per week) | Combination of accelerometry (Actigraph GT1Ms) and daily trips logs |
 Gill, 2012 | 507 community-dwelling adults aged 70 years and older who were active drivers or nondisabled in walking a quarter mile | Precipitating Events Project | Cohort study | Greater New Haven, Connecticut | 1998–2009 | Driving cessation (long-term disability in driving a car, indicated by not driving in the past 6 months) | Participant responses during monthly interviews |
 Sims, 2007 | 649 community-dwelling adults aged 65 years and older who reported driving at baseline | University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Study on Aging (SOA) | Cohort study | Five central Alabama counties | 1999–2003 | Driving cessation | Participant responses during 2-year telephone follow-up interview |
TUG | |||||||
 Dawson, 2010 | 111 participants aged 65 and older who were current drivers | Participants recruited through announcements throughout the community | Cross-sectional study | Iowa City, Iowa | Not specified | Driving ability (safety errors per drive) | Video review of performance on a 35-mile road test in an instrumented vehicle |
 Emerson, 2012 | 100 participants aged 65 and older who were current drivers | Participants recruited through announcements throughout the community | Cohort study | Iowa City, Iowa | Not specified | Driving cessation, citations, and crashes (time to driving event over a length of follow-up ranging from 3 to 8 years) | Cessation was determined by participant or family report at end of follow-up period (or, if needed, by driving records, ARGOS drive status, death date, or the Driving Habits Questionnaire (DHQ)); citations were tracked with yearly requests to Iowa DOT driving records; crashes were determined from DHQs at annual visits and from Iowa DOT driving records |
RPW | |||||||
 Ball, 2006 | 1,910 participants aged 55 years and older who were current drivers | Maryland Older Drivers Project | Cohort study | Maryland | 1998–2003 | Driving crashes (at-fault motor vehicle collision involvement during follow-up period of between 4.18 and 5.13 years) | Maryland MVA Administration of Driver Safety Research Office crash records |
 Classen, 2013 | 195 community dwelling current older drivers aged 65 years and older | National Older Driver Research and Training Center (NODRTC) study and | Cross-sectional study | North-central Florida | 2004–2006 and 2010–2012 | Driving ability (passing or failing an on-road driving test) | Road test administered by a certified driving rehabilitation specialist (CDRS) |
 Carr, 2011 | 99 participants aged 52 years and older with dementia who were current drivers | Participants recruited through physician referral | Cross-sectional study | St. Louis, Missouri | 2007–2009 | Driving ability (passing or failing the Washington University Road Test) | Washington University Road Test administered by driving instructors from Independent Drivers, LLC |
 Edwards, 2010 | 1,248 participants aged 55 years and older (1,099 active drivers) | Maryland Older Drivers Project | Cohort study | Maryland | 1998–2008 | Driving cessation (time to cessation in months over 10-year period) | Self-reported driving cessation on the Mobility Questionnaire |
 Langford, 2013 | 1222 participants aged 70 years and older who were active drivers | Candrive II/Ozcandrive cohort | Cohort study (baseline data analyzed cross-sectionally) | British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec, Canada; Queensland, Australia; Wellington, New Zealand | 2009–2014 | Driving exposure (low mileage vs. high mileage drivers) | Self-reported annual driving distance |
 Marottoli, 1994 | 278 participants aged 72 years and older who were current drivers | Project Safety cohort | Cohort study | New Haven, Connecticut | 1990–1991 | Driving crashes and citations (crashes, moving violations, and being stopped by police in a 1-year period) | Participant responses at the 1-year follow-up interview |
 Stav, 2008 | 120 participants aged 65 and older who were current drivers | Participants recruited through physician referral and research at University of Florida’s National Older Driver Research and Training Center | Cross-sectional study | North Central Florida | Not specified | Driving ability (Global Rating Score assigned based on driving performance during a road test) | Global Rating Score assigned by a driving rehabilitation specialist |
 Woolnough, 2013 | 1230 participants aged 70 and older who were active drivers | Candrive II/ Ozcandrive cohort | Cohort study | British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec, Canada; Queensland, Australia; Wellington, New Zealand | 2009–2014 | Driving crashes (at-fault or not-at-fault crashes in the past 2 years) | Data on crashes obtained from provincial/state jurisdictions using participant driver license numbers |