Table 5 Characteristics of studies evaluating risk markers for prescription drug overdose
From: Risk markers for fatal and non-fatal prescription drug overdose: a meta-analysis
First author, Year | Study subjects | Data source | Study design | Location | Study time period | Source of outcome information | Source of risk marker information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bauer et al. 2016 | Adults seen at Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program (BHCHP) | BHCHP data and Massachusetts Department of Public Health annual death occurrence files | Retrospective record review (cohort) | Boston, Massachusetts | January 1, 2003 - December 31, 2008 | Massachusetts Department of Public Health annual death occurrence files | BHCHP electronic health records |
Bohnert et al. 2011 a | All unintentional prescription opioid overdose decedents and a random sample of patients a month those individuals who used Veteran’s Health Services in 2004 or 2005 and received opioid therapy for pain | Veteran Affairs National Patient Care Database and National Death Index | Case-cohort study | United States | Fiscal Year (FY) 2004 -FY 2008 | National Death Index | Veteran Affairs National Patient Care Database |
Bohnert et al. 2012 a | All treated in Veterans Health Administration facilities during the fiscal year 1999 who were alive at the start of fiscal year 2000. | Veteran Affairs National Patient Care Database and National Death Index | Cohort | United States | Oct 1, 1999 - Sep 30, 2006 | National Death Index | Veteran Affairs National Patient Care Database |
Brady et al. 2015 | New York State ED patients who subsequently died of prescription drug overdose | New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative | Nested case-control | New York, United States | 2006-2010 | New York City vital statistics records | New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) ED data |
Caudarella et al. 2016 | Persons who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada - 2 cohorts: Vancouver Injection Drug Users Study (VIDUS) and AIDS Care Cohort to Evaluate Access to Survival Services (ACCESS) | VIDUS, ACCESS, and provincial Vital Statistics Agency | Prospective cohort | Vancouver, Canada | May, 1996 - December, 2011 | provincial Vital Statistics Agency | Self-report |
CDC Medicaid 2009 | Residents of Washington State | The Washington State Heath and Recovery Services Administration | Cross-sectional | Washington State, United States | 2004-2007 | National Center for Health Statistics and Medicaid | National Center for Health Statistics and Medicaid |
CDC Non-illicit Drugs Utah 2005 b | Utah residents | Centralized state medical examiner system and office of planning and budget state population estimates | Cross-sectional | Utah, United States | 1991-2003 | Office of the state medical examiner | Office of the state medical examiner |
CDC Prescription opioid pain relievers 2011 | Drug overdose deaths in the US population | National Vital Statistics System | Cross-sectional | United States | 2008 | National Vital Statistics System | National Vital Statistics System |
CDC Urbanization, New Mexico, 2005 | New Mexico residents | New Mexico Office of Medical Investigator, Office of Management and Budget, US Census data | Cross-sectional | New Mexico, United States | 1994-2003 | New Mexico Office of Medical Investigator | New Mexico Office of Medical Investigator, Office of Management and Budget and U.S. census |
Cerdá et al. 2013 | Decedents in New York City | Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of New York City | Case-control | New York City, NY, United States | 2000-2006 | Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of New York City | Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of New York City |
Coben et al. 2010 | Hospitalizations for poisonings | National Inpatient Sample from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Improvement | Cross-sectional | United States | 2006 | Hospital discharge data | Hospital discharge data |
Dilokthornsakul et al. 2016 | Colorado Medicaid population, 2009-2014 | Medicaid claims database | Retrospective nested case-control | Colorado, United States | July 2009 - June 2014 | Colorado Medicaid claims database | Colorado Medicaid claims database |
Dunn et al. 2010 | Individuals receiving care from the group health cooperative and who were age 18Â years or older, initiated treatment with opioids between 1997 and 2005, received 3 or more opioid analgesic prescriptions in the 90Â days after initiation and received a non-cancer pain diagnosis from the prescribing physician within 2Â weeks prior to the initial opioid prescription | Group Health Cooperative claims data | Retrospective cohort | Washington State, United States | January 1, 1997 -December 31, 2006 | Overdose events were assessed primarily through medical record review | Group Health Cooperative data |
Gomes et al. 2011 c | Residents of Ontario Canada 15-64 who were eligible for public drug coverage and had received an opioid for nonmalignant pain | Ontario Public Drug Benefit Program; Ontario Cancer Registry | Population-based nested matched case-control | Ontario, Canada | Aug 1, 1997 -Dec 31, 2006 | Office of the Chief Coroner of Ontario | Ontario Public Drug Benefit Program |
Hall et al. 2008 | Residents of West Virginia | Death certificates- Health Statistics Center of the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources and cross-referenced with investigations from the Chief Medical Examiner, West Virginia Board of Pharmacy and US Census data | Cross-sectional | West Virginia, United States | 2006 | Death certificates- Health Statistics Center of the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources and cross-referenced with investigations from the Chief Medical Examiner | Death certificates- Health Statistics Center of the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources and cross-referenced with investigations from the Chief Medical Examiner and US. Census |
Hartung et al. 2007 | Patients receiving at least one script for of a long acting opioid of ≥28 day supply who had ≥180 days of continuous Medicaid fee for service eligibility prior to the first dispensing | Medicaid administrative claims data | Retrospective cohort | Oregon, United States | Jan 1, 2000 - Dec 31, 2004 | Medicaid administrative claims, by ICD-9 codes | Medicaid administrative claims |
Havens et al. 2011a | Residents of rural Appalachian counties in Kentucky that use drugs and are over 18 and had used drugs in the past 30Â days | Respondent driven sample | Cross-sectional | Any Appalachian county of rural Kentucky, United States | Nov 2008-Sep 2010 | Self-report | Self-report |
Hulse et al. 2001 | Adolescents (12-19Â years of age) presenting to the emergency department with conditions related to alcohol or drug use who had a nurse assessment in 4 metropolitan hospitals in a 4-week period, Perth, Australia | Medical record data | Cross-sectional | Perth Australia | 4-week period in 2000 | Medical record | Medical record |
Lanier et al. 2012 | Decedents 18Â years or older who died from prescription opioids in Utah from October 26, 2008 to October 25, 2009 and Utah 2008 Behavioral risk marker Surveillance System respondents who reported prescription opioids use during the previous year | Utah 2008 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System | Matched case-control | Utah, United States | 2008-2009 | Utah Office of the Medical Examiner (OME) | OME, Next-of-kin interviews, Utah 2008 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System |
Mack 2013 | Drug overdose deaths among women and the US population | National Vital Statistics System | Cross-sectional | United States | 2010 | National Vital Statistics System | National Vital Statistics System |
Paulozzi et al. 2012 | Decedents 10Â years and older who died of unintentional drug overdose and had at least one record in the New Mexico Prescription Drug Monitoring Program and controls were identified through the state prescription drug monitoring program | New Mexico Office of Medical Investigator, and New Mexico Prescription Drug Monitoring Program data | Matched case-control | New Mexico, United States | Oct 1, 2006 - Mar 31, 2008 | New Mexico Office of the Medical Investigator | New Mexico State Prescription Drug Monitoring Program |
Peirce et al. 2012 | Persons 18Â years and older who had at least 1 outpatient prescription filled for a Schedule II through Schedule IV controlled substance in West Virginia | West Virginia State Board of Pharmacy Controlled Substance Monitoring Program and Forensic Drug Database | Case-control | West Virginia, United States | Jul 1, 2005 - Dec 31, 2007 | Forensic Drug Database | West Virginia State Board of Pharmacy Controlled Substance Monitoring Program and Forensic Drug Database |
Piercefield et al. 2010 c | Oklahoma residence in which the medical examiner reasoned that at least one prescription or over the counter drug contributed to the unintentional drug death | Oklahoma medical examiner data and the US census | Cross-sectional | Oklahoma, United States | Jan 1, 2004 – Dec 31, 2006 | Oklahoma State the Medical Examiner case record | Oklahoma OME case record |
Rudd et al. 2016 | Drug overdose deaths in the US population | National Vital Statistics System | Cross-sectional | United States | 2013-2014 | National Vital Statistics System | National Vital Statistics System |
Seal et al. 2012 a | Iraq and Afghanistan veterans who received at least 1 non-cancer related pain diagnosis within 1 year of entering the Veteran’s Affairs health care system | Veteran Affairs National Patient Care Database | Retrospective cohort | United States | Oct 1, 2005 - Dec 31, 2010 | Veteran Affairs National Patient Care Database | Veteran Affairs National Patient Care Database |
Silva et al. 2013 | A sample of young nonmedical users of prescription drugs | Chain referral sampling and recruitment from different project phases | Cross-sectional | New York, New York and Los Angeles, California, United States | Oct 1, 2009 –Mar 31 2011 | Self-report | Self-report |
Turner and Liang 2015 | Aetna Health Maintenance Program beneficiaries aged 18-64Â years, enrolled at least 1Â year, who filled at least two prescriptions for Schedule I or II opioids for non-cancer pain | HMO enrollment files and claims for services and prescriptions | Retrospective cohort | United States | January 2009- July 2012 | HMO enrollment files and claims for services and prescriptions | HMO enrollment files and claims for services and prescriptions |
Whitmire and Adams 2010 d | North Carolina Medicaid population, 2007 | Medicaid administrative claims data | Matched case-control | North Carolina, United States | 2006-2007 | North Carolina resident death records, | Medicaid administrative claims |
Zedler et al. 2014 | Veterans Health Administration patients who were dispensed an opioid by VHA | VHA Medical SAS datasets | Retrospective nested case-control | United States | October 1, 2010 - September 30, 2012 | VHA Medical SAS Datasets | VHA Medical SAS Datasets |