Table 3 Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for risk of child maltreatment by ED utilization and demographic characteristics from nested case-control analysis, Emergency Department Discharge Data, California State Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD), 2008–2013
Characteristics | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
Number of ED visits under four years of age | ||
1 (Reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
2 to 3 | 1.80 (1.63–1.99) | 1.72 (1.55–1.90) |
4 or more | 3.37 (3.00–3.78) | 3.03 (2.69–3.41) |
Sex | ||
Female (Reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Male | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) |
Race/Ethnicity | ||
White (Reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Black or African American | 0.86 (0.76–0.99) | 0.61 (0.55–0.67) |
Hispanic | 0.63 (0.57–0.69) | 0.85 (0.73–0.98) |
Asian/Pacific Islander | 0.36 (0.28–0.45) | 0.46 (0.36–0.58) |
Other | 0.68 (0.55–0.83) | 0.72 (0.58–0.89) |
Insurance Type | ||
Private insurance (Reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Public insurance | 1.56 (1.41–1.71) | 1.36 (1.22–1.51) |
Uninsured | 1.36 (1.17–1.58) | 1.22 (1.05–1.43) |
Area of residency | ||
Urban (Reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Rural | 1.36 (1.26–1.47) | 1.18 (1.09–1.29) |