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Table 4 Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for risk of child maltreatment by ED utilization and demographic characteristics from sensitivity analysis among sub-sample of children with explicit maltreatment diagnosis, Emergency Department Discharge Data, California State Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD), 2008–2013

From: Association between emergency department utilization and the risk of child maltreatment in young children

Characteristics

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Number of ED visits under four years of age

 1 (Reference)

1.00

 2 to 3

2.30 (1.44–3.68)

 4 or more

4.18 (1.98–8.84)

Sex

 Female (Reference)

1.00

 Male

0.92 (0.61–1.38)

Race/Ethnicitya

 White (Reference)

1.00

 Black or African American

1.29 (0.69–2.34)

 Hispanic

0.54 (0.33–0.88)

 Asian/Pacific Islander/Other

0.42 (0.18–0.98)

Insurance Typea

 Private insurance (Reference)

1.00

 Public insurance/Uninsured

1.30 (0.79–2.15)

Area of residency

 Urban (Reference)

1.00

 Rural

1.29 (0.85–1.97)

  1. aSome subgroups were combined in the sensitivity analysis due to small sample size