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Table 2 Associations between Project Lazarus implementation and opioid analgesic prescribing, by strategy, North Carolina, 2009–2014

From: Associations between implementation of Project Lazarus and opioid analgesic dispensing and buprenorphine utilization in North Carolina, 2009–2014

    

Univariate Modelsa

Multivariable Adjusted Modelb

Strategy

Implementation Level

County-months

Rx OAs dispensed

IRR

95% CI

CLR

IRR

95% CI

CLR

Diversion Control

None

4971

23,512,894

1 (ref.)

  

1 (ref.)

  

Any

2229

17,848,868

1.15

1.12, 1.17

1.044

1.06

1.03, 1.09

1.056

Naloxone Policies

None

6216

34,103,605

1 (ref.)

  

1 (ref.)

  

Any

984

7,258,157

1.08

1.06, 1.11

1.038

0.97

0.95, 0.99

1.048

Community Education

None

5969

30,353,079

1 (ref.)

  

1 (ref.)

  

Any

1231

11,008,683

1.11

1.09, 1.13

1.042

1.00

0.97, 1.03

1.058

Provider Education

None

4962

25,608,213

1 (ref.)

  

1 (ref.)

  

Any

2238

15,753,549

1.13

1.10, 1.15

1.042

1.00

0.97, 1.03

1.060

Support for Patients with Pain

None

6684

34,023,002

1 (ref.)

  

1 (ref.)

  

Any

516

7,338,760

1.08

1.06, 1.10

1.029

0.96

0.93, 1.00

1.069

Hospital ED Policy

None

5485

29,009,970

1 (ref.)

  

1 (ref.)

  

Any

1715

12,351,792

1.11

1.08, 1.13

1.047

0.99

0.96, 1.01

1.055

Addiction Treatment

None

1559

13,442,436

1 (ref.)

  

1 (ref.)

  

Any

5641

27,919,326

1.16

1.11, 1.20

1.085

1.04

0.99, 1.08

1.090

  1. IRR incidence rate ratio, CI confidence interval, CLR confidence limit ratio, ED Emergency Department
  2. Results from Poisson GEE with county-month population offset
  3. aUnivariate unadjusted models for each strategy
  4. bAdjusted multivariable model adjusts for the other six strategies, county health status, year and season