Table 1 Child restraint use among infants aged 0 to < 2 years involved in fatal crashes, FARS 2008–2015
Variables | Child Restraint a n (%) | Other Restraint a n (%) | Unrestrained n (%) | Unknown n (%) | Total | Chi-square χ2(p value) b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n, row%) | 4242 (85.4) | 224 (4.5) | 330 (6.7) | 170 (3.4) | 4966 | |
Passenger characteristics | ||||||
Passenger age (years) | 1.9 (0.60) | |||||
0 to < 1 | 1857 (43.8) | 88 (39.3) | 145 (43.9) | 72 (42.4) | 2162 (43.5) | |
1 to < 2 | 2385 (56.2) | 136(60.7) | 185 (56.1) | 98 (57.6) | 2804 (56.5) | |
Passenger gender | 2.3 (0.50) | |||||
Male | 2210 (52.2) | 117 (52.2) | 169 (51.2) | 98 (58.0) | 2594 (52.4) | |
Female | 2021 (47.8) | 107 (47.8) | 161 (48.8) | 71 (42.0) | 2360 (47.6) | |
Seating position | 11.1 (0.011) | |||||
Center-seated | 1221 (29.4) | 60 (27.4) | 104 (38.7) | 35 (30.2) | 1420 (29.8) | |
Outboard-seated | 2936 (70.6) | 159 (72.6) | 165 (61.3) | 81 (69.8) | 3341 (70.1) | |
Injury severity | 229.8 (< 0.0001) | |||||
Not injured | 1687 (39.8) | 94 (42.0) | 27 (8.2) | 52 (30.6) | 1860 (37.4) | |
Injured | 1124 (26.5) | 61 (27.2) | 122 (37.0) | 47 (27.6) | 1354 (27.3) | |
Died | 583 (13.7) | 31 (13.8) | 132 (40.0) | 42 (24.7) | 788 (15.9) | |
Unknown | 848 (20.0) | 38 (17.0) | 49 (14.9) | 29 (17.1) | 964 (19.4) | |
Driver characteristics | ||||||
Driver age (years) | 41.4 (< 0.0001) | |||||
< 20 | 270 (6.4) | 12 (5.4) | 35 (10.6) | NR | 324 (6.5) | |
20 to 29 | 2149 (50.7) | 98 (43.8) | 148 (44.8) | 73 (42.9) | 2468 (49.7) | |
30 to 64 | 1746 (41.2) | 113 (50.5) | 133 (40.3) | 90 (53.0) | 2082 (41.9) | |
> =65 | 77 (1.8) | NR | 14 (4.2) | NR | 92 (1.9) | |
Driver gender | 12.7 (0.0054) | |||||
Male | 1697 (40.0) | 102 (45.5) | 156 (47.3) | 82 (48.2) | 2037 (41.0) | |
Female | 2546 (60.0) | 122 (54.5) | 174 (52.7) | 88 (51.8) | 2929 (59.0) | |
Driver restraint status | 113.8 (< 0.0001) | |||||
Restrained | 3387 (83.5) | 197 (90.4) | 183 (60.8) | 80 (73.4) | 3847 (82.0) | |
Unrestrained | 671 (16.5) | 21 (9.6) | 118 (39.2) | 29 (26.6) | 839 (17.9) | |
Driver’s alcohol status | 34.0 (< 0.0001) | |||||
Positive | 225 (5.3) | 17 (7.6) | 46 (13.9) | 14 (8.2) | 302 (6.1) | |
Negative | 1367 (32.2) | 52 (23.2) | 105 (31.8) | 44 (25.9) | 1568 (31.6) | |
Unknown | 2650 (62.5) | 155 (69.2) | 179 (54.2) | 112 (65.9) | 3096 (62.3) | |
Driver’s drug status | 5.5 (0.14) | |||||
Positive | 429 (10.1) | 13 (5.8) | 42 (12.7) | 18 (10.6) | 502 (10.1) | |
Negative | 2253 (53.1) | 104 (46.4) | 160 (48.5) | 91 (53.5) | 2608 (52.5) | |
Unknown | 1560 (36.8) | 107 (47.8) | 128 (38.8) | 61 (35.9) | 1856 (37.4) | |
Previous violations | 13.7 (0.0033) | |||||
Yes | 1448 (34.8) | 79 (35.3) | 125 (37.9) | 77 (47.2) | 1729 (35.6) | |
No | 2717 (65.2) | 135 (60.3) | 187 (56.7) | 86 (52.8) | 3124 (64.4) | |
Vehicle characteristics | ||||||
Vehicle type | 11.7 (0.46) | |||||
Passenger car | 1999 (47.1) | 101 (45.3) | 133 (40.4) | 72 (42.35) | 2305 (46.5) | |
SUV | 1369 (32.2) | 66 (29.6) | 118 (35.8) | 55 (32.4) | 1608 (32.5) | |
Van | 480 (11.3) | 34 (15.3) | 41 (12.5) | 22 (12.9) | 577 (11.6) | |
Pickup truck | 384 (9.1) | 22 (9.9) | 37 (11.3) | 19 (11.2) | 462 (9.3) | |
Other | NR | NR | NR | NR | 4 (0.1) | |
Crash-level characteristics | ||||||
Day/Night | 17.9 (0.0005) | |||||
Day | 2711 (64.0) | 137 (61.2) | 178 (53.9) | 93 (55.4) | 3119 (62.9) | |
Night | 1524 (36.0) | 86 (38.4) | 152 (46.1) | 75 (44.6) | 1837 (37.1) | |
Weekday/Weekend | 12.6 (0.0057) | |||||
Weekday | 2765 (65.3) | 143 (63.8) | 235 (71.2) | 93 (55.4) | 3241 (65.3) | |
Weekend | 1470 (34.7) | 81 (36.2) | 95 (28.8) | 75 (44.6) | 1725 (34.7) | |
Weekday rush hour | 4.5 (0.21) | |||||
Yes | 1188 (28.1) | 51 (22.9) | 81 (24.6) | 45 (26.8) | 1365 (2.5) | |
No | 3047 (72.0) | 172 (77.1) | 249 (75.5) | 123 (73.2) | 3591 (72.5) | |
Roadway type | 11.4 (0.0097) | |||||
Expressway | 2833 (69.4) | 127 (59.4) | 215 (68.3) | 104 (63.8) | 3278 (68.7) | |
Surface street | 1250 (30.6) | 87 (40.7) | 100 (31.8) | 59 (36.2) | 1496 (31.3) | |
Urban/Rural | 19.2 (0.0003) | |||||
Urban | 1597 (43.8) | 102 (53.1) | 106 (37.2) | 75 (55.6) | 1880 (44.2) | |
Rural | 2049 (56.2) | 90 (46.9) | 179 (62.8) | 60 (44.4) | 2378 (55.9) | |