US children of minority race are less likely to be admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit after traumatic injury, a retrospective analysis of a single pediatric trauma center

Table 2 Patient Disposition, Mortality, Hospital Utilization and PICU Utilization by Race

Patient Disposition^* and Mortality
	Entire Cohort n = 654	Minority Children n = 361	White Children n = 293	p-value
Hospital Admission	576 (88.1%)	303 (83.9%)	273 (93.2%)	p < 0.001
Discharged to Home from ED	67 (10.2%)	49 (13.6%)	18 (6.1%)	p = 0.007
Died in the ED	9 (1.4%)	8 (2.2%)	1 (0.3%)	p = 0.087
Died in the Hospital	9 (1.4%)	6 (1.7%)	3 (1.0%)	p = 0.719
Overall Mortality	18 (2.8%)	14 (3.9%)	4 (1.4%)	p = 0.087
Hospital Utilization
	Hospital Cohort n = 576	Minority Children n = 303	White Children n = 273
Hospital LOS (days)^#	1.0 [1.0–3.0]	1.0 [1.0–2.3]	2.0 [1.0–3.0]	p = 0.002
General Care Floor Admission for Observation (yes)	315 (54.7%)	190 (62.7%)	125 (45.8%)
Operative Procedure^$	128 (22.2%)	68 (22.4%)	60 (22.0%)	p = 0.973
Admitted to PICU setting	195 (33.9%)	79 (26.1%)	116 (42.5%)	p < 0.001
PICU Utilization and Injury Characteristics
	PICU Cohort n = 195	Minority Children n = 79	White Children n = 116
PICU LOS (days)	1.0 [0.7–2.5]	1.4 [0.7–3.9]	0.9 [0.7–1.9]	p = 0.032
Hospital LOS (days)^**	3.0 [2.0–7.0]	4.0 [2.0–10.0]	3.0 [2.0–5.0]	p = 0.053
ISS in PICU Patients	9 [5.0–16.0]	10.0 [5.0–19.0]	9.0 [5.0–14.0]	p = 0.045
Mild Injury (ISS < 8)	72 (36.9%)	24 (30.4%)	48 (41.4%)	p = 0.158
Moderate Injury (ISS 8–10)	79 (40.5%)	29 (36.7%)	50 (43.1%)	p = 0.457
Severe Injury (ISS > 16)	44 (22.6%)	26 (32.9%)	18 (15.5%)	p = 0.007
Reason for PICU Admission				p = 0.007
At Risk for Organ Failure	98 (50.3%)	30 (38.0%)	68 (58.7%)
Organ Failure	97 (50.0%)	49 (62.0%)	48 (41.4%)

Abbreviations and Definitions: PICU pediatric intensive care unit, ED emergency department, LOS length of stay, ISS injury severity score; “Minority” defined as Black, Hispanic ethnicity, Native American, or “other” race; “operative procedure” included subjects requiring a surgical procedure in the operating room at any point during the hospitalization; “organ failure” defined as encephalopathy evidenced by GCS < 15 or a trauma-associated seizure; a neurologic injury requiring a neurosurgical procedure; respiratory failure requiring oxygen support unable to be provided on a general care floor; liver failure, renal failure, or pancreatic failure requiring surgical intervention; compartment syndrome requiring surgical intervention, or hemorrhagic shock requiring medical or surgical intervention; ^*2 subjects transferred to different institution from the ED for care; ^#2 subjects with missing LOS data; ^$12 patients with multiple procedures; ^**hospital LOS for patients requiring PICU care; data are presented as median [interquartile range] or n (%)

ISSN: 2197-1714