|
Handhelda CUWDb Behaviors
|
Hands-freec CUWD Behaviors
| |
Social normsd N(%e)
|
Unacceptable
|
Neutral
|
Acceptable
|
Unacceptable
|
Neutral
|
Acceptable
|
P-valuef
|
Closest friends
|
Talking on the phone
|
21 (34)
|
6 (10)
|
35 (56)
|
4 (7)
|
1 (2)
|
57 (92)
|
< 0.0001
|
Sending messagesg
|
46 (74)
|
1 (2)
|
15 (24)
|
15 (24)
|
6 (10)
|
41 (66)
|
< 0.0001
|
Reading messages
|
40 (65)
|
2 (3)
|
20 (32)
|
13 (21)
|
6 (10)
|
43 (69)
|
< 0.0001
|
Parent or guardian
|
Talking on the phone
|
38 (61)
|
2 (3)
|
22 (35)
|
13 (21)
|
4 (7)
|
45 (73)
|
< 0.0001
|
Sending messages
|
59 (95)
|
0 (0)
|
3 (5)
|
28 (45)
|
7 (11)
|
27 (44)
|
< 0.0001
|
Reading messages
|
56 (90)
|
1 (2)
|
5 (8)
|
26 (42)
|
9 (15)
|
27 (44)
|
< 0.0001
|
Self as passenger
|
Talking on the phone
|
24 (39)
|
3 (5)
|
35 (57)
|
7 (11)
|
2 (3)
|
53 (86)
|
< 0.0001
|
Sending messages
|
57 (92)
|
1 (2)
|
4 (7)
|
17 (27)
|
9 (15)
|
36 (58)
|
< 0.0001
|
Reading messages
|
50 (81)
|
3 (5)
|
9 (15)
|
16 (26)
|
8 (13)
|
38 (61)
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Forbidden
|
Not Sure
|
Permitted
|
Forbidden
|
Not Sure
|
Permitted
| |
Permitted by lawh
|
Talking on the phone
|
26 (43)
|
21 (34)
|
14 (23)
|
2 (3)
|
14 (23)
|
46 (74)
|
NA
|
Sending messages
|
54 (87)
|
6 (10)
|
2 (3)
|
9 (14)
|
26 (42)
|
27 (44)
|
NA
|
Reading messages
|
49 (79)
|
11 (18)
|
2 (3)
|
8 (13)
|
23 (37)
|
31 (50)
|
NA
|
- Abbreviation: NA Not applicable
- aHandheld use was defined as physically holding the phone
- bCellphone use while driving (CUWD)
- cHands-free use was defined as using devices such as Bluetooth and speaker phone so there is no physical interaction between the driver and their phone when engaging in the aforementioned behaviors
- dParticipants were questioned about their perceived acceptability (social norms) of CUWD behaviors from three perspectives: those of their closest friends, those of their parent(s) or guardian(s), and their own, as passenger in someone else’s vehicle
- eRow percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding
- fP-value from the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test comparing each handheld CUWD behavior to its hands-free variant, bolded when < 0.05
- gMessages were defined as text or email messages
- hParticipants were questioned with regard to the perceived permissibility of CUWD behaviors on a legislative level