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Table 3 Social norms toward handheld and hands-free cellphone use while driving behaviors

From: Driving contradictions: behaviors and attitudes regarding handheld and hands-free cellphone use while driving among young drivers

 

Handhelda CUWDb Behaviors

Hands-freec CUWD Behaviors

 

Social normsd N(%e)

Unacceptable

Neutral

Acceptable

Unacceptable

Neutral

Acceptable

P-valuef

Closest friends

 Talking on the phone

21 (34)

6 (10)

35 (56)

4 (7)

1 (2)

57 (92)

< 0.0001

 Sending messagesg

46 (74)

1 (2)

15 (24)

15 (24)

6 (10)

41 (66)

< 0.0001

 Reading messages

40 (65)

2 (3)

20 (32)

13 (21)

6 (10)

43 (69)

< 0.0001

Parent or guardian

 Talking on the phone

38 (61)

2 (3)

22 (35)

13 (21)

4 (7)

45 (73)

< 0.0001

 Sending messages

59 (95)

0 (0)

3 (5)

28 (45)

7 (11)

27 (44)

< 0.0001

 Reading messages

56 (90)

1 (2)

5 (8)

26 (42)

9 (15)

27 (44)

< 0.0001

Self as passenger

 Talking on the phone

24 (39)

3 (5)

35 (57)

7 (11)

2 (3)

53 (86)

< 0.0001

 Sending messages

57 (92)

1 (2)

4 (7)

17 (27)

9 (15)

36 (58)

< 0.0001

 Reading messages

50 (81)

3 (5)

9 (15)

16 (26)

8 (13)

38 (61)

< 0.0001

 

Forbidden

Not Sure

Permitted

Forbidden

Not Sure

Permitted

 

Permitted by lawh

 Talking on the phone

26 (43)

21 (34)

14 (23)

2 (3)

14 (23)

46 (74)

NA

 Sending messages

54 (87)

6 (10)

2 (3)

9 (14)

26 (42)

27 (44)

NA

 Reading messages

49 (79)

11 (18)

2 (3)

8 (13)

23 (37)

31 (50)

NA

  1. Abbreviation: NA Not applicable
  2. aHandheld use was defined as physically holding the phone
  3. bCellphone use while driving (CUWD)
  4. cHands-free use was defined as using devices such as Bluetooth and speaker phone so there is no physical interaction between the driver and their phone when engaging in the aforementioned behaviors
  5. dParticipants were questioned about their perceived acceptability (social norms) of CUWD behaviors from three perspectives: those of their closest friends, those of their parent(s) or guardian(s), and their own, as passenger in someone else’s vehicle
  6. eRow percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding
  7. fP-value from the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test comparing each handheld CUWD behavior to its hands-free variant, bolded when < 0.05
  8. gMessages were defined as text or email messages
  9. hParticipants were questioned with regard to the perceived permissibility of CUWD behaviors on a legislative level
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Injury Epidemiology

ISSN: 2197-1714