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Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the review

From: Neighborhood risk factors for sports and recreational injuries: a systematic review of studies applying multilevel modeling techniques

Study ID

Authors and year of publication

Title and journal

Purpose of study

City/ Region/ Country

Study design

Study population/ number of data level

Age (year)

Male (%)

Type of injury data and date of collection

Geographical extent of neighborhood

1

Haynes, Reading & Gale. 2003

Household and neighborhood risks for injury to 5–14 year old children. Soc Sci Med

Are household and neighborhood risk factors independently associated with injury in children?

Norwich, United Kingdom

Incidence study

22,771 children in total. Three levels: individual/family, enumeration districts (N = 347) and social areas (N = 21)

5–14

51.2 days at risk

Secondary data; 1999/2000 accident records of the Accident and Emergency Department at Norfolk/Norwich Hospital

Enumeration districts (which are composed of about 150–200 households and are the smallest area with available census data), and social areas (i.e., groups of neighboring enumeration districts with similar Townsend material deprivation index)

2

Sellström, Guldbrandsson, Bremberg, Hjern & Arnoldsson. 2003

Association between childhood community safety interventions and hospital injury records: a multilevel study. J Epidemiol Community Health

How does safety measures in overall municipal, preschool, school, and recreational activity settings affect the risk of admitting children and adolescents to hospital due to injury?

Stockholm County, Sweden

Incidence study

1,056,064 person-years. Two levels: individual/family and community (N = 25)

1–15

NR

Secondary data; 1995–1999 children's injuries records obtained from the Hospital Discharge Register. Each child was followed for one year

Municipalities with each having an average population of 40,000 inhabitants. Stockholm city was excluded because of its large population size

3

Kendrick, Mulvaney, Burton, & Watson. 2005

Relationships between child, family and neighborhood characteristics and childhood injury: A cohort study. Soc Sci Med

How are child, family, and neighborhood characteristics associated with childhood unintentional injuries that were medically attended to?

Nottingham, United Kingdom

Prospective cohort study

2357 children. Three levels: individual, family (N = 1717) and electoral wards (N = 70)

0–7

52.3

Primary data gathered from a cohort study that was nested in a randomized controlled trial's control arm of primary care injury prevention in children

Electoral ward

4

Simpson, Janssen, Craig, & Pickett. 2005

Multilevel analysis of associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and injury among Canadian adolescents. J Epidemiol Community Health

How are individual- and neighborhood-level socioeconomic variables associated with the occurrence of medically-treated, hospitalized, fighting, and sports/recreational injuries among Canadian adolescents?

Canada

Cross-sectional study

7235 students. Two levels: individual/family and school's neighborhood (N = 170)

11–16 (Grade 6–10)

46.4

Secondary data; 2001/2002 Health Behavior in School-age Children survey

5 km buffer around each school attended by students who responded to the survey

5

Pattussi, Hardy, & Sheiham. 2006

Neighborhood social capital and dental injuries in Brazilian adolescents. Am J Public Health

How is neighborhood social capital associated with dental injury?

Cities of Taguatinga and Ceilândia of Distrito Federal, Brazil

Cross-sectional study

1302 adolescents: Two levels: individual/family and school's neighborhood (N = 37)

14–15

52.3

Primary data from clinical examination and self-administered questionnaire in 2002

Enumeration districts aggregates composed of an average of about 3,535 and 13,158 households and individuals, respectively

Study ID

Authors and year of publication

Title and journal

Purpose of study

Country

Study design

Study population/ number of data level

Age (year)

Male (%)

Type of injury data and date of collection

Geographical extent of neighborhood

6

Mecredy, Janssen, & Pickett. 2012

Neighborhood street connectivity and injury in youth: a national study of built environments in Canada. Inj Prev

How is street connectivity associated with injuries among Canadian youths?

Canada

Cross-sectional study

9021 students: Two levels: individual/family and school's neighborhood (N = 180)

11–15 (Grade 6–10)

47.5

Secondary data; 2006 Health Behavior in School-age Children survey

5 km circular buffer around each school attended by students who responded to the survey

7

Mutto, Lawoko, Ovuga, & Svanstrom. 2012

Childhood and adolescent injuries in elementary schools in north-western Uganda: extent, risk and associated factors. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot

What are the extent, nature and risk factors of childhood injuries in elementary schools in north-western Uganda?

North-western Uganda

Prospective cohort study

1000 students. Two levels: individual and school (N = 13)

9–16 (Grade 5)

54.5

Primary data from injury register completed by Grade-5 teachers in one school term that lasted from February 2 to April 30, 2009

Not specified

8

Gropp, Janssen & Pickett. 2012

Active transportation to school in Canadian youth: should injury be a concern? Inj Prev

How is active transportation to school associated with injury in Canadian youth?

Canada

Cross-sectional study

20,076 students in total. Two levels: individual/family and school's neighborhood (N = 419)

11–15

36.4

Secondary data; 2009/2010 Health Behavior in School-age Children survey

1 km buffer around each school attended by students who responded to the survey

9

Byrnes, King, Hawe, Peters, Pickett & Davison. 2015

Patterns of youth injury: a comparison across the northern territories and other parts of Canada. Int J Circumpolar Health

How does injury occurrence and its potential risk factors among youths in the northern territories of Canada compare with other parts?

Canada

Cross-sectional study

26,078 students in total. 3942 students attended 80 schools located in the northern territories. Two levels: individual/family and school's neighborhood (N = 80)

11–15

49

Secondary data; 2009/2010 Health Behavior in School-age Children survey

1 km buffer around each school attended by students who responded to the survey