Table 2 Individual and contextual measures, and main study outcomes

1

Haynes, Reading & Gale. 2003

Townsend material deprivation score, accommodation renters (%), pre-school (0–4 years) accident/injury rate, distance to playground, distance to hospital, migrants (%), 5–14 years old (%), and social cohesions indicators including: people who changed home in the past year (%), lone parents household (%), single persons household (%)

Age, sex, number of children, number of adults, and age difference between children and the oldest woman in the household

Total injuries and serious injuries (for a 13-month period). 25% of injuries were sports related. Although the proportion of SRI were not explicitly reported, 15% of injuries were reported to have occurred at a sports/recreational facility, playground or park

2

Sellström, Guldbrandsson, Bremberg, Hjern & Arnoldsson. 2003

Safety index, and population density

Age, sex, maternal education, maternal birth's country, and social allowance

Injuries that fall between E830–E929 in ICD-9 or W 01–X 59 in ICD-10 (for a 12-month period). Transportation-related injuries were excluded, and data was limited to one injury per person-year. The proportion of injuries that was due to sports and recreation activities were not reported; however, the level of safety measures in recreation activity settings were reported as one of the neighborhood-level exposure variables

3

Kendrick, Mulvaney, Burton, & Watson. 2005

Child poverty index, geographical access to services; distance from hospital; crime reported to police (%): dwellings experiencing domestic burglaries, population experiencing vehicle crime, population experiencing violent crime, and housing of lowest value; facilities (number/1000 children < 5 years old): nursery places, child minder places, parks and play areas, and leisure centers; road safety measures (number/1000 children < 5 years old): school crossing patrols, zebra crossings, pedestrian controlled lights, small areas of traffic calming, and large areas of traffic calming

(1) Child-level characteristics: Age, and sex. (2) Family-level characteristics: teenage motherhood; 4 or more children under age 16 in family; single parent family; rented accommodation; number of unemployed parents; car ownership; receives means tested benefits; and safety practices: fitted stair gates, fitted and working smoke alarms, and safe storage of sharp objects in kitchen

Primary care attendance, accident and emergency department attendance, and hospital admission rates for unintentional injuries (for a two-year follow-up period)

4

Simpson, Janssen, Craig, & Pickett. 2005

Lone parent families (%), unemployment (%), residents with less high school education (%), and average employment income

Age, sex, family affluence, poverty, local area safety's perception, residential area's perception, and perceived family wealth

Any medically-treated injury, hospitalized injury, sports/recreational injury, and fighting injury (for 12 months preceding the survey). 58.4% of medically treated injury were sports/recreation-related

5

Pattussi, Hardy, & Sheiham. 2006

Social capital, infrastructure, and poverty gap

Age, incisal overjet, lip coverage, body mass index (BMI), and social class

Prevalence of dental injuries in boys and girls. Sports were reported to cause 13.3% of the dental injuries while playing caused 48.1% of the dental injuries

6

Mecredy, Janssen, & Pickett. 2012

Street connectivity, socioeconomic status, urban–rural geographic location, and parks/recreational facilities

Gender, grade, family affluence, perceived neighborhood safety, and perceived neighborhood aesthetics

Any medically-treated street injury (for 12 months preceding the survey). Street injury includes those that occurred in the street/road/parking lot and during a physical activity

7

Mutto, Lawoko, Ovuga, & Svanstrom. 2012

School, urban–rural location, schools' religious affiliation

Age, and sex

School-related injuries. 35% of injuries occurred on playgrounds. 32.5% of injuries occurred during sporting activities while 12.5% occurred while walking

8

Gropp, Janssen & Pickett. 2012

Urban/rural geographic status, average precipitation levels, total road lengths, street or road connectivity, speed limits within 1 km buffer of each school, and population estimates of median household income for 2006

Age, gender, ethnicity, perceived family socioeconomic status, perceived residential neighborhood safety and participation in organized sports

Active transportation injuries (which includes both walking/running and bicycling injuries), walking/running injuries, and bicycling injuries (for a 12-month period)

9

Byrnes, King, Hawe, Peters, Pickett & Davison. 2015

Population size, Aboriginal composition (%), permanent road access, Dwellings requiring major repair (%), alcohol policy in 2008

Sex, school grade, ethnicity, relative family affluence, impaired driving as passenger or driver in the past 30 days, helmet's use when riding motorized vehicles in the last 12 months, alcohol use, organized sports participation

Any injury (for a 12-month period). 23.5% of injuries among northern youths were SRI. Only walking/running injury was reported for recreation-related injuries. 11.9% of injuries in northern territories occurred at a sports facility/field