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Table 1 Distribution of ZIP code-level and state-level attributes for matched cases and controls1

From: Absolute versus relative socioeconomic disadvantage and homicide: a spatial ecological case–control study of US zip codes

 

Cases (n = 250)

Mean (SD)

Controls (n = 250)

Mean (SD)

P value

Zip code level

Income

 Median household income (USD)

46,342.39 (11,415.10)

63,917.91 (19,786.93)

 < 0.0001

Income inequality

   

 Gini coefficient

0.45 (0.04)

0.43 (0.05)

 < 0.0001

 Population size

50,197.1 (18,438.84)

45,780.38 (15,963.55)

0.0045

Age group

   

 % 15–24

15.07 (4.95)

14.52 (5.18)

0.2301

 % 25–34

15.70 (2.77)

14.94 (2.60)

0.0016

Race ethnicity

   

 % Black

28.43 (24.71)

25.94 (24.23)

0.2554

 % Asian

4.47 (5.40)

4.94 (5.01)

0.3181

 % Hispanic

30.26 (26.43)

28.95 (24.66)

0.5685

 % Male

48.57 (2.17)

48.62 (1.78)

0.7881

 % Unemployed

4.20 (1.28)

3.79 (1.18)

 < 0.0001

Land use

   

 % Land area that is retail

2.03 (3.24)

4.82 (6.80)

 < 0.0001

 % Land area that is industrial

2.53 (4.57)

13.98 (52.00)

0.0006

 % Land area that is greenspace

10.75 (14.71)

49.88 (70.82)

 < 0.0001

Population density (per km2)

3424.29 (5440.35)

3400.32 (6592.38)

0.9647

Walk Score

42.31 (29.58)

35.34 (30.78)

0.0101

State level

   

Income

   

 Median household income

60,182.41 (9297.23)

65,172.5 (8350.00)

 < 0.0001

Income inequality

   

 Gini coefficient

0.47 (0.02)

0.48 (0.02)

 < 0.0001

Race ethnicity

   

 % Black

13.30 (8.86)

14.82 (8.57)

0.0512

 % Asian

6.00 (4.23)

8.13 (4.01)

 < 0.0001

 % Hispanic

18.13 (12.60)

20.64 (12.06)

0.0233

 % Male

49.18 (0.57)

49.03 (0.51)

0.0014

  1. 1Cases and controls were selected from the 34 states and four counties in California participating in the CDC's National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS). Case units were defined as the 250 ZIP codes with the highest per capita incidence of violent homicide deaths in 2017. Selected cases had \(\ge\) 5 deaths. ZIP codes eligible for selection as control units (1) had no violent deaths in 2017 and (2) were located within the 35 NVDRS states. Cases and controls were matched on proportion Black, proportion Hispanic, proportion Asian, proportion male, proportion aged 15–24, and proportion aged 25–34
  2. *Bolded values are statistically significant at an alpha of 0.05