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Table 4 Adjusted relative risk ratios (RR) for rural vs urban residents for any disability, sources of disability, and number of disabilities

From: Lifetime history of TBI with loss of consciousness and disability among Appalachian and rural residents: 2016–2019 Ohio BRFSS

 

Any disability

Auditory

Visual

Cognitive

Adjusted RR

95% CI

Adjusted RR

95% CI

Adjusted RR

95% CI

Adjusted RR

95% CI

Lifetime history of TBI with LOC*rural

 Yes, Rural

1.87

1.69

2.06

2.11

1.56

2.66

1.96

1.33

2.59

2.68

2.20

3.17

 Yes, Urban

1.70

1.55

1.86

1.68

1.30

2.06

1.83

1.35

2.31

2.33

1.94

2.71

 No, Rural

1.18

1.09

1.28

1.18

0.99

1.38

1.35

1.04

1.67

1.13

0.95

1.30

 No, Urban

Ref

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Gender

 Male

0.96

0.90

1.02

1.62

1.38

1.87

0.99

0.79

1.18

0.89

0.77

1.00

 Female

Ref

Ref

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Race

 Non-White

1.26

1.15

1.36

0.69

0.50

0.88

1.96

1.50

2.41

1.43

1.20

1.66

 White

Ref

Ref

Ref

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Age group

 Age 18 to 44

0.49

0.45

0.53

0.15

0.11

0.19

0.41

0.30

0.52

1.36

1.15

1.56

 Age 45 to 64

0.75

0.71

0.79

0.43

0.37

0.49

0.79

0.64

0.93

1.33

1.15

1.51

 Age 65 + 

Ref

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Mobility

Self-care

Independent living

Adjusted RR

95% CI

Adjusted RR

95% CI

Adjusted RR

95% CI

Lifetime history of TBI with LOC*rural

 Yes, Rural

2.12

1.78

2.46

2.70

1.79

3.61

3.26

2.49

4.02

 Yes, Urban

1.89

1.62

2.16

2.94

2.05

3.84

3.19

2.52

3.85

 No, Rural

1.24

1.10

1.38

1.25

0.94

1.56

1.36

1.09

1.63

 No, Urban

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

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Gender

 Male

0.78

0.70

0.86

1.00

0.78

1.23

0.66

0.55

0.76

 Female

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Race

 Non-White

1.44

1.25

1.63

1.79

1.28

2.29

1.56

1.22

1.90

 White

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

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Ref

 Age group

Age 18 to 44

0.22

0.18

0.26

0.50

0.35

0.64

0.79

0.63

0.95

 Age 45 to 64

0.75

0.69

0.80

0.97

0.77

1.18

1.03

0.87

1.19

 Age 65 + 

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

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Ref

 

1 Disability

2 Disabilities

3 + Disabilities

Adjusted RR

95% CI

Adjusted RR

95% CI

Adjusted RR

95% CI

Lifetime history of TBI with LOC*rural

 Yes, Rural

1.25

1.02

1.48

2.66

2.00

3.32

3.10

2.30

3.90

 Yes, Urban

1.18

1.00

1.36

2.05

1.56

2.55

3.11

2.41

3.80

 No, Rural

1.14

1.01

1.26

1.24

0.99

1.50

1.27

1.02

1.53

 No, Urban

Ref

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Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

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Ref

Gender

 Male

1.03

0.93

1.14

0.95

0.79

1.12

0.78

0.65

0.92

 Female

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Race

 Non-White

1.08

0.92

1.23

1.45

1.12

1.79

1.55

1.20

1.89

 White

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

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Age group

 Age 18 to 44

0.51

0.45

0.58

0.41

0.31

0.51

0.52

0.40

0.65

 Age 45 to 64

0.68

0.62

0.75

0.65

0.55

0.76

1.08

0.90

1.26

 Age 65 + 

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

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Ref

  1. Adjusted for gender, age group, race, and rural by lifetime history of TBI with LOC interaction
  2. TBI traumatic brain injury, LOC loss of consciousness
  3. Bolded values represent statistically significant values (p < .05)