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Table 4 Effects of GDL on unlicensed driving among 16- and 17-year-old North Carolina drivers, by race and income

From: Unlicensed driving among young drivers in North Carolina: a quasi-induced exposure analysis

   

16-year-olds

 

17-year-olds

  

Total

Unlicensed

Odds ratio (CI)

 

Unlicensed

Odds ratio (CI)

   

n

%

Crude

Adjusted

Total

n

%

Crude

Adjusted

Licensing era and race

 
 

 White, Pre-GDL

8994

94

1.0%

  

9409

130

1.4%

  
 

 White, Post-GDL

7502

69

0.9%

0.88 (0.64; 1.2)

0.90 (0.66; 1.23)

9565

158

1.7%

1.20 (0.95; 1.51)

1.22 (0.96; 1.54)

 

 Black, Pre-GDL

1412

37

2.6%

  

2225

63

2.8%

  
 

 Black, Post-GDL

892

37

4.1%

1.61 (1.01; 2.56)

1.61 (1.02; 2.57)

1879

72

3.8%

1.37 (0.97; 1.93)

1.40 (0.99; 1.98)

Licensing era and neighborhood income

 
 

 Upper 75%, Pre-GDL

7895

78

1.0%

  

8720

100

1.1%

  
 

 Upper 75%, Post-GDL

6674

71

1.1%

1.08 (0.78; 1.49)

1.13 (0.81; 1.56)

8798

125

1.4%

1.24 (0.95; 1.62)

1.26 (0.97; 1.64)

 

 Lowest 25%, Pre-GDL

2511

53

2.1%

  

2914

93

3.2%

  
 

 Lowest 25%, Post-GDL

1720

35

2.0%

0.96 (0.63; 1.48)

0.99 (0.64; 1.53)

2646

105

4.0%

1.25 (0.94; 1.66)

1.29 (0.98; 1.71)

  1. Pre-GDL period is Dec 1, 1997, to Nov 30, 2002; post-GDL is Dec 1, 2002, to Nov 30, 2007. White and upper-income neighborhood are the reference groups. aORs for race effects are adjusted for neighborhood income, aORs for income are adjusted for race