Fig. 2

Distribution of municipalities that adopted the program from 2013 to 2019 according to four covariates. Plot A: population size vs. patch density; Plot B: socioeconomic score vs. percent urban. Population is the population in 2012. Patch density is the number of continuous urban development patches per 100 km square of land in 2012. Percent urban is the percentage of the land area of the municipality that is covered by urban patches in 2012. Socioeconomic score is a regression-based score based on the percentage of the population aged 25 or older with secondary education and college completed in 2010. The municipalities outlined in Plot B, adopted the program in 2013, and are unmatched by municipalities in comparison groups. These municipalities were more than 80% urban, and several of them also had high SES scores. These municipalities are part of Mexico City and were excluded in first sensitivity analysis