Distress at 12 years | |||
---|---|---|---|
RR | 95% CI for RR | P value | |
Pre-injury characteristics | |||
Sex | |||
Male | Ref | ||
Female | 1.10 | 0.84, 1.46 | 0.49 |
Age in years (at time of injury) | |||
18–44 | Ref | ||
45–65 | 0.65 | 0.49, 0.86 | < 0.01 |
Ethnicity | |||
NZ European | Ref | ||
Māori | 2.33 | 1.65, 3.31 | < 0.001 |
Pacific | 1.85 | 0.85, 4.00 | |
Asian | 2.40 | 1.47, 3.93 | |
Other | 2.40 | 1.68, 3.45 | |
Education | |||
Less than secondary school | Ref | ||
Secondary school or higher | 0.60 | 0.45, 0.80 | < 0.01 |
Living arrangements | |||
Alone/with non-family | Ref | ||
With family | 0.77 | 0.55, 1.08 | 0.13 |
Income adequacy | |||
Adequate | Ref | ||
Inadequate | 2.07 | 1.57, 2.72 | < 0.001 |
Working for pay | |||
No | Ref | ||
Yes | 0.71 | 0.45, 1.12 | 0.15 |
Mental health conditions | |||
0 | Ref | ||
1 | 3.03 | 2.18, 4.19 | |
≥ 2 | 2.41 | 1.43, 4.06 | < 0.001 |
Physical health conditions | |||
0 | Ref | ||
1 | 1.30 | 0.94, 1.81 | |
≥ 2 | 1.81 | 1.28, 2.56 | < 0.01 |
General health | |||
Excellent/very good | Ref | ||
Good | 1.78 | 1.32, 2.40 | |
Fair/poor | 3.06 | 2.00, 4.70 | < 0.001 |
Alcohol use | |||
Non-hazardous | Ref | ||
Hazardous | 0.79 | 0.60, 1.05 | 0.1 |
Injury-related characteristics | |||
Injury severity (NISS) | |||
1–3 (least severe) | Ref | ||
4–6 (severe) | 0.71 | 0.53, 0.96 | |
≥ 7 (most severe) | 0.78 | 0.48, 1.27 | 0.1 |
Cause of injury | |||
Unintentional | Ref | ||
Intentional (assault) | 2.38 | 1.48, 3.81 | < 0.001 |
Perceived threat to life | |||
No | Ref | ||
Yes | 1.94 | 1.36, 2.76 | < 0.001 |
Health service characteristics | |||
Health service experience | |||
Very good/good/moderate | Ref | ||
Bad/very bad | 1.86 | 1.05, 3.28 | 0.03 |
ACC experience | |||
Very good/good/moderate | Ref | ||
Bad/very bad | 1.48 | 0.91, 2.40 | 0.11 |
Access to health services | |||
No trouble | Ref | ||
Trouble/mixed | 0.75 | 0.45, 1.24 | 0.26 |
Early post-injury characteristics | |||
Distress 3 months post-SIE (K6 ≥ 8) | |||
Not distressed | Ref | ||
Distressed | 3.45 | 2.63, 4.52 | < 0.001 |
Expectations for recovery | |||
Already recovered | Ref | ||
Expect to recover soon/slowly | 1.70 | 1.07, 2.69 | |
Unsure | 3.03 | 1.85, 4.98 | |
Expect to never recover | 1.77 | 0.74, 4.19 | < 0.001 |
Satisfaction with social relationships | |||
Satisfied | Ref | ||
Neutral/dissatisfied | 2.69 | 2.02, 3.57 | < 0.001 |