The association between permit-to-purchase laws and shootings by police

Table 1 Cross-sectional analysis examining the associations between firearm laws and fatal and nonfatal shootings by police, 2015–2020

Policy	IRR^a	p-value	95% confidence interval (CI)
Permit-to-purchase	0.72	< 0.001	0.64, 0.81
Comprehensive background check only	1.12	0.029	1.01, 1.25
Shall issue*	1.34	< 0.001	1.17, 1.53
Permitless*	1.61	< 0.001	1.35, 1.91
Stand your ground	0.93	0.098	0.86, 1.01
Violent misdemeanor prohibitions	1.02	0.576	0.93, 1.13
Extreme risk protection orders	0.98	0.663	0.88, 1.08

^aIRRs with a p-value < 0.05 are indicated in bold. *‘May Issue’ as reference in three-level categorical variable. The model included the following covariates indexed by state-half-year: unemployment rate, alcohol consumption rate, incarceration rate, rate of law enforcement employment, and percent state living in metropolitan statistical area, black males aged 15–20 years, and white males aged 15–20 years. The model included robust standard errors and had 600 state-half-year indexes

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